url:
url(r'books/$',views.BookView.as_view({'get':'list','post':'create'})) 为例
当django启动的时候,会调用执行view.BookView.as_view()方法,拿到as_view的返回值view
url(r'books/$',View.view)
当用户访问books/的时候,会执行View.view(). 执行APIView.dispatch()
当用户访问books/时,django拿到request,然后对request进行了重新封装
并且进行用户认证
url(r'books/$',View.view) ---> 执行 self.dispatch()
APIView.dispatch()
def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):...request = self.initialize_request(request, *args, **kwargs)self.request = requesttry:self.initial(request, *args, **kwargs)....
request = self.initialize_request(request, *args, **kwargs)
def initialize_request(self, request, *args, **kwargs):#返回一个Request对象return Request(...authenticators=self.get_authenticators(),...) def get_authenticators(self):# 循环视图类authentication_classes# 使用列表推导式,生成每一个实例对象return [auth() for auth in self.authentication_classes]
回到dispatch()中,继续向下执行self.inital(request,*args,**kwags)
def initial(self, request, *args, **kwargs):...# 认证 self.perform_authentication(request)# 权限 self.check_permissions(request)# 访问频率限制self.check_throttles(request)
对于用户认证,我们主要看self.perform_authentication(request) 干了什么
def perform_authentication(self, request):# 调用了request.user 属性方法request.user
@propertydef user(self):if not hasattr(self, '_user'):with wrap_attributeerrors():# 调用 _authenticate 此时的self是request对象self._authenticate()return self._userdef _authenticate(self):# 此时的self是request ,authenticator每一个验证类对象for authenticator in self.authenticators:try:# 使用authenticator调用它的authenticate() 返回一个元组#元组的第一个值是request.user,第二个值是request.authuser_auth_tuple = authenticator.authenticate(self)except exceptions.APIException:# 如果没有验证通过,抛出异常self._not_authenticated()raise# 如果 user_auth_tuple 不为空的话,证明authenticator.authenticate(self) 返回了数据# **** 有多个验证类的话,最后一个认证类返回值,其他验证类不要返回# 否则,这个验证类之后的所有验证类都不会被执行# 如果返回值不为None,赋值后 将会跳出循环if user_auth_tuple is not None:self._authenticator = authenticator# 进行赋值self.user, self.auth = user_auth_tuple# 跳出for循环, 验证通过returnself._not_authenticated()
认证执行流程:
1. 查看settings.py中是否配置了作用于全局的REST_FRAMEWORK配置,如果有,就是用全局
2. 如果settings.py没有配置,就去视图类中(本例是BookView)查看是否配置了authentication_classes
3. 以上都没有配置,就是用默认的,在APIView中配置
自定义一个认证
class BookAuthen():def authenticate(self,request):#获取token,检验token是否正确,如果正确则,验证通过#否则抛出异常token_val = request.GET.get('token')user_obj = models.User.objects.filter(token__token=token_val).first()if user_obj:return user_obj.name,token_valelse:raise exceptions.AuthenticationFaileddef authenticate_header(self,request):passclass BookView(ModelViewSet):# 如果提供,就执行BookAuthen,如果没有提供,使用APIView提供的authentication_classes = [BookAuthen,]queryset = models.Book.objects.all()serializer_class = BookModelSerializer
全局配置(settings.py):
REST_FRAMEWORK= {'DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES': ('bookmanage.auth.authen.BookAuthen','rest_framework.authentication.SessionAuthentication','rest_framework.authentication.BasicAuthentication')}
默认配置(APIView):
class APIView(View):...# 首先api_settings没有DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES 所以会调用apisetting.__getattr__()authentication_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES...
二、访问频率限制
访问频率限制和用户认证流程几乎相同
首先看url
url(r'books/$',views.BookView.as_view({'get':'list','post':'create'})) 为例
django启动时
去执行BookView.as_view()方法--->APIView.as_view()-->最终返回的是APIView.viewurl(r'books/$',views.BookView.as_view({'get':'list','post':'create'}))url(r'books/$',APIView.view)
用户访问时
执行APIView.view(),其中它调用了父类的as_view(),实际上什么都没做
执行self.dispatch(),执行的是APIView.dispatch()
self.initial(request, *args, **kwargs)
调用了 --> self.check_throttles(request) #此时的self是BookView视图类
dispatch()中,self.inital(request,*args,**kwags) -->self.check_throttles(request)
def get_throttles(self):"""遍历视图类中的throttle_classes拿到每一个自定义访问频率限制类的实例对象"""return [throttle() for throttle in self.throttle_classes]def check_throttles(self, request):for throttle in self.get_throttles():# 拿到自定义访问频率限制类的实例对象,调用allow_request()if not throttle.allow_request(request, self):# 如果没有通过验证,执行self.throttled()抛出异常self.throttled(request, throttle.wait())
自定义访问频率限制类
# 限制IP频繁访问class VisitThrottle(object):detail = "访问频率不正常"def allow_request(self,request, obj):now_time = str(time.time())if request.session.get('visittime'):visited = request.session.get('visittime')visited.append(now_time)request.session['visittime'] = visitedif len(visited) >= 20:first = visited[-2]last = visited[-1]time_ = time.gmtime(float(last) - float(first))print(time_)if time_.tm_min > 1:request.session['visittime'] = []return Trueelif time_.tm_min <= 1:raise exceptions.Throttled(detail=self.detail)else:request.session['visittime'] = [now_time,]print(request.META.get('REMOTE_ADDR'))return Trueclass BookView(ModelViewSet):#在视图类中配置自定义频率访问组件throttle_classes = [VisitThrottle]queryset = models.Book.objects.all()serializer_class = BookModelSerializer
默认访问频率限制
由于每一个视图类都是继承自APIView,如果配置throttle_classes,就使用自定义的如果没配置throttle_classes,APIView配置了默认的
class APIView(View):....# 由于api_settings没有DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES,会调用api_setting的__getattr__()throttle_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES....api_settings = APISettings(None, DEFAULTS, IMPORT_STRINGS)class APISettings(object):def __init__(self, user_settings=None, defaults=None, import_strings=None):#不会进入if user_settings:self._user_settings = self.__check_user_settings(user_settings)# 将DEFAULTS 复制给 self.defaultsself.defaults = defaults or DEFAULTS@propertydef user_settings(self):if not hasattr(self, '_user_settings'):self._user_settings = getattr(settings, 'REST_FRAMEWORK', {})return self._user_settingsdef __getattr__(self, attr):if attr not in self.defaults:raise AttributeError("Invalid API setting: '%s'" % attr)try:# self.user_settings : 它从settings.py中取找 是否存在 REST_FRAMEWORK配置项# 如果有,因为他是一个字典,取[DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES]对应的路径自定义访问频率类val = self.user_settings[attr]except KeyError:# 如果没有,就使用默认的# self.defaults[DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES]val = self.defaults[attr]....return val
全局配置
1. 此时,应该将自定义的访问频率组件提取出来单独放在一个py文件中
2. 指定路径类
3. 所有的url访问都会进行访问频率限制
REST_FRAMEWORK= {'DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES': ('bookmanage.auth.authen.BookAuthen',),'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES':('bookmanage.auth.throttle.VisitThrottle')}
django Rest Framework----认证/访问权限控制/访问频率限制 执行流程 Authentication/Permissions/Throttling 源码分析...
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