第1章 复习笔记
第1单元 休·麦克迪尔米德
Hugh MacDiarmid (1892-1978) （休·麦克迪尔米德）
1. Life（生平）
Hugh Macdiarmid was the preeminent Scottish poet, born in Scotland, in the family of a postman. He developed a deep concern for contemporary Scottish literature and advocated a literary renaissance in Scotland. In social and political views MacDiarmid was at first a Scottish Nationalist and then a Socialist. MacDiarmid’s principle of poetic creation was somewhat like that of “originating from life, but rising higher than life”.
休·麦克迪尔米德是杰出的苏格兰诗人，生于苏格兰一个邮递员家庭。他对当代苏格兰文化有浓厚的兴趣，并且在苏格兰倡导一场苏格兰复兴。在社会政治观点方面，他最先是名苏格兰民族主义者，后来成为社会主义者。他创作诗歌的理念是“来源于生活，却高于生活”。
2. Major Works（主要作品）
Sangschaw (1925) 《诗集》
A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle (1926) 《醉汉看蓟》
In Memoriam James Joyce (1955) 《悼念乔伊斯》
3. Selected Works（选读作品）
◆Why I Choose Red《我选择红色的原因》
The reason the poet chooses red is that red stands for neither hide nor retreat. The poet describes the heroic deeds of Giuseppe Garibaldi in Italian national liberation movement.
Garibaldi led red shirt in 1860 and fought bravely. The poet expresses his praise of Garibaldi and his pursuit of just cause.
诗人选择红色的原因是红色代表永不退缩。诗人描写了朱塞佩·加里波第在意大利民族解放运动中的英勇事迹。加里波第曾于1860年组织红衫军，英勇作战。诗人表达了对加里波第的赞美和对正义事业的追求。
◆Moonlight among the Pines《松树下的月光》
This poem uses Scottish dialect. In the dim moonlight, the shadows of trees cover the hills like sarong. The poet also expresses his love for the lovely girl. Beautiful scenery and good love form an artistic conception.
这首诗运用了苏格兰方言，诗人描写了朦胧的月色下，树影犹如轻纱笼罩着山丘。诗人还表达了对心仪姑娘的喜爱，良辰美景与美好爱情营造了一个美丽的意境。
◆Third Hymn to Lenin《三颂列宁》
The poet extols the leader, criticizes the reality and pursues the dream. The whole poem has grand momentum. The poet reveals foul of Glasgow and relentlessly flays the insensitive Scottish people. He intends to call on people to take revolution as Lenin points out. Through the lines of the poem, we can see the poet’s enthusiasm and his desire to change the old world.
诗人则把对领袖的歌颂与对现实的揭露批判和对理想的追求结合了起来。整首诗具有大江奔腾的气势。诗人对格拉斯哥的污浊进行了揭露抨击．用他的诗句无情鞭挞苏格兰那些麻木不仁的人们，想通过鞭挞，唤醒沉睡中的苏格兰起来走上列宁所指出的道路。透过诗的字里行间，我们可以看到诗人的热情及企求改变旧世界的焦灼心情。
第2单元 I·A·理查兹
Ivor Armstrong Richards (1893-1979) （A. 理查兹）
1. Life（生平）
I. A. Richards was a literary critic, poet and linguist. He studied in Clifton College, Bristol and the university of Cambridge. From the 1930s, he focused on the application of modern semantics in literary criticism, Coleridge on Imagination and The Philosophy of Rhetoric as representative works. Since the mid-1930s, he has begun to study the relationship between language and thought, language and learning. He and C .K. Ogden worked together to implement “basic English”.
I.A.理查兹是文学评论家，诗人，语言学家，受教育于布里斯托尔的克利夫顿学院以及剑桥大学。从30年代起，他着重研究现代语义学在文学批评中的应用，代表作有《柯尔律治论想象》和《修辞哲学》。从30年代中期起，他开始着重研究语言与思想、语言与学习的关系，并与奥格登合作，努力推行“基础英语”。
2. Major Works（主要作品）
Principles of Literary Criticism 《文学批评原理》
Coleridge on Imagination 《柯尔律治论想象》
The Philosophy of Rhetoric 《修辞哲学》
Basic English and Its Uses 《基础英语及其应用》
3. Selected Work（选读作品）
◆The Four Kinds of Meaning《四种意义》
The author thinks that we can analyze human discourse from four aspects, namely meaning, feeling, tone and intention. Meaning means the meaning of the word itself; feeling refers to personal feelings of the speaker; tone means the speaker changes his attitude according to his audience; intention refers to the purpose of the speaker. The author makes an analysis of the effect of the four aspects have on discourse under different conditions. We can use these four aspects to analyze literature and come to many unknown conclusions.
作者认为通常可以从四个方面分析人类的话语，即意义，感觉，声调和意图。意义是指话语本身的含义；感觉是指说话人带有的个人感情；声调是指说话人根据听众的不同而变化自己的态度；意图是指说话人带有的目的。作者分析了不同情况下四个方面对话语产生的作用，用这四个方面分析文学作品，可以得出很多不为人知的结论。
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