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【停课不停学】英语周报知识专栏大促
满39减10优惠券
高考完形填空备考指南
完形填空被公认为是高考英语试卷中难度最大的题型之一，它是从语篇的角度综合测试考生的英语知识应用能力，考查学生在阅读理解的基础上对词汇和语法知识的综合运用能力，包括阅读理解能力、连贯思维能力、词语辨析能力、推理判断能力以及跨文化交际能力等。仔细研读近几年全国各省市的高考完形填空试题，我们可以看出，它们的命题紧扣考纲，体现了“突出语篇、强调应用、注重交际”的原则，考点覆盖面广，注重考查常用词汇在语篇层面的准确应用。
在体裁方面，记叙文是高考完形填空中出现概率最高的一类文体，偶尔会出现夹叙夹议文、议论文或说明文。文章通常线索清晰、结构完整、趣味性较强，且有一定的哲理和现实教育意义。在题材方面，完形填空的选材依据版《普通高中英语课程标准》对主题语境的要求，对于三大主题语境——人与自我、人与社会、人与自然均有涉及。
下面我们谈一谈完形填空解题技巧。
一、关注首句
完形填空的首句通常最能体现一篇文章的主旨大意。记叙文通常提供故事发生的时间、地点、人物等，议论文通常提供论点或引论，说明文则给出要说明的事物等。首句通常不设空，考生可以通过首句了解到比较完整的信息，从而对接下来整篇文章的发展有一个比较准确的理解和判断，进而可以跟着作者的思路，合理、准确地推测并选出后面的选项。因此理解并把握好文章首句所表达的意思，对做好完形填空题起着举足轻重的作用。如：
During my second year at the city college, I was told that the education department was offering a “free” course, called Thinking Chess, for three credits.
偶尔也会出现首句设空的情况，但这种情况很少见，且该设空通常出现在一个主从复合句中，并不会影响考生对整个文章内容的判断。如：
When most of us get a text message on our cell phone from an unknown person, we usually say “sorry, 41 (wrong) number!” and move on.
二、关注尾句
纵观近年来的高考完形填空，大部分的选材都是在结尾处进行总结，或表达作者的观点态度、或得出一个经验教训、或呼应首句提及的论点、或重申首句要说明的事物等。文章的尾句是文章的总结、结论或点睛之笔，某些文中不确定的细节，都可以借助尾句来确认。如：
The story once again tells us that one good turn deserves another.
再如论点首尾呼应：
（首句）No one is born a winner. People make themselves into winners by their own 16 (efforts).
...
（尾句）Winners are made, not born.
三、关注语境，合理推断
完形填空最常考查的是实词，即名词、动词、形容词和副词。它们的词义对上下文的连贯起着决定性的作用。考生要充分体会作者想要表达的中心思想，依据“词不离句、句不离文、兼顾语义和语法、瞻前顾后”的原则，大胆推测猜想。遇到无法确定的设题，先跳过去，往往在完成后面的设题时，可以看到前面设题的提示词或提示信息。比如“全国卷III”完形填空的第43小题：
When most of us get a text message on our cell phone from an unknown person, we usually say “sorry, 41 (wrong) number!” and move on. But when Dennis Williams 42 (received) a text that clearly wasn"t intended for him, he did something 43 .
...
“Congratulations! But I think someone was mistaken,” Dennis 46 (responded). The baby was born and update texts were 47 (coming in) quickly from the overjoyed grandmother, Teresa. In her 48 (excitement), she didn"t seem to realize that she was 49 (sharing) the baby"s photos with a complete stranger. “Well, I don"t 50 (know) you all but I will get there to take pictures with the baby,” replied Dennis before asking which room the new 51 (parents) were in.
43. A. reasonable B. special C. necessary D. practical
仅从第一段的内容我们根本无法判断第43小题的正确答案，但当读到第三段中的a complete stranger ... but I will get there to take pictures with the baby就可以推断出，尽管Dennis收到的是陌生人发来的短信，但他决定给发信息的人带去祝福，因此他做了一件很不同寻常的事情，故可推知选B。
四、关注词汇
根据文章中词汇的衔接来达到解题的目的。
1. 原词的重复出现。比如“全国卷I”完形填空第一段中的course和第53小题的正确答案course：
During my second year at the city college, I was told that the education department was offering a “free” course, called Thinking Chess, for three credits ...
... I managed to get an A in that 53 and learned life lessons that have served me well beyond the 54 (classroom).
53. A. game B. presentation C. course D. experiment
2. 同义词和近义词。比如 “全国卷I”完形填空的第44小题的正确答案instructor和下文出现的grandmaster：
... And, even if I weren"t 43 (excited) enough about free credits, news about our 44 was appealing enough to me. He was an international grandmaster, which 45 (meant) I would be learning from one of the game"s 46 (best) ...
44. A. title B. competitor C. textbook D. instructor
3. 同源词或同根词。比如“天津卷”完形填空的第18小题的正确答案coaching和文章第三段中的coach：
... I took the head 18 job at a school in Baxley, Georgia. It was a small school with a weak football program.
It was a tradition for the school"s old team to play against the 19 (new) team at the end of spring practice. The old team had no coach, and they didn"t even practice to 20 (prepare for) the game. Being the coach of the new team, I was excited because I knew we were going to win, but to my disappointment we were defeated ...
18. A. operating B. editing C. consulting D. coaching
4. 反义词。比如“江苏卷”完形填空第44小题的正确答案late与下文中的early：
To avoid being caught, the Winns had to get their tent up 44 and packed it away early in the morning.
44. A. soon B. early C. late D. slowly
5. 同现。指意义上相互联系的一些单词出现在同一句话或同一语篇中。比如“全国卷I”完形填空第一段中的free（免费的）和第42小题的正确答案save：
During my second year at the city college, I was told that the education department was offering a “free” course, called Thinking Chess, for three credits. I 41 (jumped at) the idea of taking the class because, after all, who doesn"t want to 42 a few dollars?
42. A. waste B. earn C. save D. pay
除了以上四个“关注”外，考生在做完形填空题时，还应关注与语篇相关的文化背景、常识以及语篇标志性词语等。常见的语篇标志性词语有：firstly, secondly, thirdly等（结构层次）；thus, therefore, so等（逻辑关系）；besides, what"s more等（递进关系）和but, while, however, on the other hand等（转折关系）。
五、审核答案
当把完形填空的设题全部做完后，考生要重新从头到尾细读一遍文章，看全文是否连贯畅通，主旨大意是否准确无误，并确保每一个答案都有理可寻、有据可依。实在拿不准的选项，可以采用排除法确定最终答案。
责编 | 杨宁
审稿 | 李栋
校稿 | 吕放
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