Tkinter
Tkinter是Python的一款功能强大且全面、操作简易的GUI编程模块。今天，我们将使用tkinter制作一款简易画图软件。加油吧！
最终效果如下：
下载模块
我们将使用Python 3.10为编译器，使用 pip 下载所需模块：
pip install tkinterpip install PIL
导入模块
这里，我们将导入所有所需的模块。
import timeimport tkinterimport tkinter.simpledialogimport tkinter.colorchooserimport tkinter.filedialogfrom PIL import Image, ImageTk, ImageGrab
设置主窗口
设置所有接下来所需的元素，并初始化。
def center_window(w, h):app.winfo_screenwidth()app.winfo_screenheight()app.geometry('%dx%d' % (w, h))app = tkinter.Tk()app.title('轩氏画图')x = 1200y = 800center_window(x, y)yesno = tkinter.IntVar(value=0)what = tkinter.IntVar(value=1)X = tkinter.IntVar(value=0)Y = tkinter.IntVar(value=0)foreColor = '#000000'backColor = '#FFFFFF'image = tkinter.PhotoImage()canvas = tkinter.Canvas(app, bg='white', width=x, height=y)canvas.create_image(x, y, image=image)lastDraw = 0end = [0]size = "20"
基本画图运算逻辑
重点来了！我们使用鼠标左键按下等动作探测，绘制曲线：
def getter(widget):time.sleep(0.5)x = app.winfo_x() + widget.winfo_x()y = app.winfo_y() + widget.winfo_y()if app.winfo_x() < 0:x = 0if app.winfo_y() < 0:y = 0x1 = x + widget.winfo_width() + 200y1 = y + widget.winfo_height() + 200filename = tkinter.filedialog.asksaveasfilename(filetypes=[('.jpg', 'JPG')],initialdir='C:\\Users\\lin042\\Desktop\\')ImageGrab.grab().crop((x, y, x1, y1)).save(filename)def onLeftButtonDown(event):yesno.set(1)X.set(event.x)Y.set(event.y)if what.get() == 4:canvas.create_text(event.x, event.y, font=("等线", int(size)), text=text, fill=foreColor)what.set(1)def onLeftButtonMove(event):global lastDrawif yesno.get() == 0:returnif what.get() == 1:lastDraw = canvas.create_line(X.get(), Y.get(), event.x, event.y,fill=foreColor)X.set(event.x)Y.set(event.y)elif what.get() == 2:try:canvas.delete(lastDraw)except Exception:passlastDraw = canvas.create_line(X.get(), Y.get(), event.x, event.y,fill=foreColor)elif what.get() == 3:try:canvas.delete(lastDraw)except Exception:passlastDraw = canvas.create_rectangle(X.get(), Y.get(), event.x, event.y,outline=foreColor)elif what.get() == 5:lastDraw = canvas.create_rectangle(event.x - 10, event.y - 10, event.x + 10, event.y + 10,outline=backColor)elif what.get() == 6:try:canvas.delete(lastDraw)except Exception:passlastDraw = canvas.create_oval(X.get(), Y.get(), event.x, event.y,fill=backColor, outline=foreColor)def onLeftButtonUp(event):global lastDrawif what.get() == 2:lastDraw = canvas.create_line(X.get(), Y.get(), event.x, event.y, fill=foreColor)elif what.get() == 3:lastDraw = canvas.create_rectangle(X.get(), Y.get(), event.x, event.y, outline=foreColor)elif what.get() == 6:lastDraw = canvas.create_oval(X.get(), Y.get(), event.x, event.y, outline=foreColor)yesno.set(0)end.append(lastDraw)def onRightButtonUp(event):menu.post(event.x_root, event.y_root)
最后通过bind来移动画笔：
canvas.bind('<Button-1>', onLeftButtonDown)canvas.bind('<B1-Motion>', onLeftButtonMove)canvas.bind('<ButtonRelease-1>', onLeftButtonUp)canvas.bind('<ButtonRelease-3>', onRightButtonUp)canvas.pack(fill=tkinter.BOTH, expand=tkinter.YES)
顶部主菜单
设置主菜单功能及运算函数。目前包括以下五个选项：导入、保存、撤销、清屏和工具栏。
'''主菜单及其关联的函数'''menu = tkinter.Menu(app, bg="red")app.config(menu=menu)def Open():filename = tkinter.filedialog.askopenfilename(title='导入图片',filetypes=[('image', '*.jpg *.png *.gif')])if filename:global imageimage = Image.open(filename)image = image.resize((800, 600), Image.ANTIALIAS)image = ImageTk.PhotoImage(image)canvas.create_image(400, 300, image=image)menu.add_command(label='导入', command=Open)def Save():getter(canvas)menu.add_command(label='保存', command=Save)def Clear():global lastDraw, endfor item in canvas.find_all():canvas.delete(item)end = [0]lastDraw = 0menu.add_command(label='清屏', command=Clear)def Back():global endtry:for i in range(end[-2], end[-1] + 1):canvas.delete(i)end.pop()except:end = [0]menu.add_command(label='撤销', command=Back)menu.add_separator()
工具栏子菜单
设置“工具栏”下子菜单函数和内容，运算逻辑前面已经定义过了，这里我们只需要调用并绑定按钮即可。
'''子菜单及其关联的函数'''menuType = tkinter.Menu(menu, tearoff=0)def drawCurve():what.set(1)menuType.add_command(label='铅笔', command=drawCurve)def drawLine():what.set(2)menuType.add_command(label='直线', command=drawLine)def drawRectangle():what.set(3)menuType.add_command(label='矩形', command=drawRectangle)def drawCircle():what.set(6)menuType.add_command(label='圆形', command=drawCircle)def drawText():global text, sizetext = tkinter.simpledialog.askstring(title='输入文本', prompt='')if text is not None:size = tkinter.simpledialog.askinteger('输入字号', prompt='', initialvalue=20)if size is None:size = "20"what.set(4)menuType.add_command(label='文本', command=drawText)def onErase():what.set(5)menuType.add_command(label='橡皮擦', command=onErase)menuType.add_separator()def chooseForeColor():global foreColorforeColor = tkinter.colorchooser.askcolor()[1]menuType.add_command(label='选择前景色', command=chooseForeColor)def chooseBackColor():global backColorbackColor = tkinter.colorchooser.askcolor()[1]menuType.add_command(label='选择背景色', command=chooseBackColor)menu.add_cascade(label='工具栏', menu=menuType)
进入窗口循环
最后，使用mainloop进入窗口循环。
app.mainloop()
效果展示
最终效果展示：
完整代码
完整代码如下：
import timeimport tkinterimport tkinter.simpledialogimport tkinter.colorchooserimport tkinter.filedialogfrom PIL import Image, ImageTk, ImageGrabdef center_window(w, h):app.winfo_screenwidth()app.winfo_screenheight()app.geometry('%dx%d' % (w, h))app = tkinter.Tk()app.title('轩氏画图')x = 1200y = 800center_window(x, y)yesno = tkinter.IntVar(value=0)what = tkinter.IntVar(value=1)X = tkinter.IntVar(value=0)Y = tkinter.IntVar(value=0)foreColor = '#000000'backColor = '#FFFFFF'image = tkinter.PhotoImage()canvas = tkinter.Canvas(app, bg='white', width=x, height=y)canvas.create_image(x, y, image=image)lastDraw = 0end = [0]size = "20"def getter(widget):time.sleep(0.5)x = app.winfo_x() + widget.winfo_x()y = app.winfo_y() + widget.winfo_y()if app.winfo_x() < 0:x = 0if app.winfo_y() < 0:y = 0x1 = x + widget.winfo_width() + 200y1 = y + widget.winfo_height() + 200filename = tkinter.filedialog.asksaveasfilename(filetypes=[('.jpg', 'JPG')],initialdir='C:\\Users\\lin042\\Desktop\\')ImageGrab.grab().crop((x, y, x1, y1)).save(filename)def onLeftButtonDown(event):yesno.set(1)X.set(event.x)Y.set(event.y)if what.get() == 4:canvas.create_text(event.x, event.y, font=("等线", int(size)), text=text, fill=foreColor)what.set(1)def onLeftButtonMove(event):global lastDrawif yesno.get() == 0:returnif what.get() == 1:lastDraw = canvas.create_line(X.get(), Y.get(), event.x, event.y,fill=foreColor)X.set(event.x)Y.set(event.y)elif what.get() == 2:try:canvas.delete(lastDraw)except Exception:passlastDraw = canvas.create_line(X.get(), Y.get(), event.x, event.y,fill=foreColor)elif what.get() == 3:try:canvas.delete(lastDraw)except Exception:passlastDraw = canvas.create_rectangle(X.get(), Y.get(), event.x, event.y,outline=foreColor)elif what.get() == 5:lastDraw = canvas.create_rectangle(event.x - 10, event.y - 10, event.x + 10, event.y + 10,outline=backColor)elif what.get() == 6:try:canvas.delete(lastDraw)except Exception:passlastDraw = canvas.create_oval(X.get(), Y.get(), event.x, event.y,fill=backColor, outline=foreColor)def onLeftButtonUp(event):global lastDrawif what.get() == 2:lastDraw = canvas.create_line(X.get(), Y.get(), event.x, event.y, fill=foreColor)elif what.get() == 3:lastDraw = canvas.create_rectangle(X.get(), Y.get(), event.x, event.y, outline=foreColor)elif what.get() == 6:lastDraw = canvas.create_oval(X.get(), Y.get(), event.x, event.y, outline=foreColor)yesno.set(0)end.append(lastDraw)def onRightButtonUp(event):menu.post(event.x_root, event.y_root)canvas.bind('<Button-1>', onLeftButtonDown)canvas.bind('<B1-Motion>', onLeftButtonMove)canvas.bind('<ButtonRelease-1>', onLeftButtonUp)canvas.bind('<ButtonRelease-3>', onRightButtonUp)canvas.pack(fill=tkinter.BOTH, expand=tkinter.YES)'''主菜单及其关联的函数'''menu = tkinter.Menu(app, bg="red")app.config(menu=menu)def Open():filename = tkinter.filedialog.askopenfilename(title='导入图片',filetypes=[('image', '*.jpg *.png *.gif')])if filename:global imageimage = Image.open(filename)image = image.resize((800, 600), Image.ANTIALIAS)image = ImageTk.PhotoImage(image)canvas.create_image(400, 300, image=image)menu.add_command(label='导入', command=Open)def Save():getter(canvas)menu.add_command(label='保存', command=Save)def Clear():global lastDraw, endfor item in canvas.find_all():canvas.delete(item)end = [0]lastDraw = 0menu.add_command(label='清屏', command=Clear)def Back():global endtry:for i in range(end[-2], end[-1] + 1):canvas.delete(i)end.pop()except:end = [0]menu.add_command(label='撤销', command=Back)menu.add_separator()'''子菜单及其关联的函数'''menuType = tkinter.Menu(menu, tearoff=0)def drawCurve():what.set(1)menuType.add_command(label='铅笔', command=drawCurve)def drawLine():what.set(2)menuType.add_command(label='直线', command=drawLine)def drawRectangle():what.set(3)menuType.add_command(label='矩形', command=drawRectangle)def drawCircle():what.set(6)menuType.add_command(label='圆形', command=drawCircle)def drawText():global text, sizetext = tkinter.simpledialog.askstring(title='输入文本', prompt='')if text is not None:size = tkinter.simpledialog.askinteger('输入字号', prompt='', initialvalue=20)if size is None:size = "20"what.set(4)menuType.add_command(label='文本', command=drawText)def onErase():what.set(5)menuType.add_command(label='橡皮擦', command=onErase)menuType.add_separator()def chooseForeColor():global foreColorforeColor = tkinter.colorchooser.askcolor()[1]menuType.add_command(label='选择前景色', command=chooseForeColor)def chooseBackColor():global backColorbackColor = tkinter.colorchooser.askcolor()[1]menuType.add_command(label='选择背景色', command=chooseBackColor)menu.add_cascade(label='工具栏', menu=menuType)app.mainloop()
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